While I have many games made specifically for teaching math listed on this site, there are also lots of classic board games that can be used to develop math skills. They are beneficial just as they are but many also have adaptations you can easily make to focus on specific skills.
Here are a few you should have:
Battleship
What better way to introduce the coordinate plane and ordered pairs than Battleship?
Here is a free printable version of the traditional game.
Clue
I use Clue to introduce using a matrix to solve logic puzzles.
If you’re interested there is even an academic research paper on the effectiveness of Clue to teach logic!
Clue Jr is great for younger children.
Mastermind
Mastermind combines the strategy taught in Stratego and the deduction skills taught in Clue. Players must crack the code to figure out each other’s pattern.
You can play Mastermind free against the computer at this site
Stratego or Strategy Jr
Stratego is a great introduction to strategy. Players must capture the flag to win the military battle.
Monopoly
Classic Monopoly is an excellent way to teach counting money and making change (the newest electronic versions use a debit card and take this away, so you might want to get an older one.)
Using (shortened) Monopoly to teach math
I also love Monopoly Jr and Discover Monopoly for younger kids!
Connect Four
Connect Four Add to 10 Variation
Other math games using Connect Four
Math center ideas using Connect Four (written by a 1st grade teacher but she includes ideas for higher grades)
Jenga
Here’s a whole post of free games using Jenga to teach 4th and 5th grade math
Free Jenga addition and multiplication fact games
Here’s a great set of Jenga activities for primary math (currently $3 cost)
Guess Who
Guess Who itself is a great game for young children to practice deductive reasoning by coming up with their own questions. If you want to make it more math specific for older kids, trade out the people cards for mathematical versions. There are premade sets available on TPT if you want to buy one, or you can easily make your own.
Also see my posts on Racko, Suspend, Rummikub, Mancala and Using Uno For Fact Practice.
